In Erikson's psychosocial theory, a 4- to 5-year-old is in which stage?

• A. Initiative vs. Guilt
• B. Trust vs. Mistrust
• C. Autonomy vs. Shame
• D. Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer: (A)

In Erikson’s theory, a 4- to 5-year-old faces the stage of Initiative vs Guilt. This is the period when children start planning and initiating activities, trying out leadership in play, and pursuing their own ideas. When adults encourage these initiatives and respond positively to attempts, the child develops a sense of initiative and purpose. If they’re met with constant criticism or over-control, they may feel guilty about their desires to act, which can dampen their willingness to take on new challenges. For contrast, trust vs mistrust is the infancy stage, autonomy vs shame is the toddler years, and industry vs inferiority is the school-age stage, which generally begins around 6 or 7. Hence, a preschooler is best aligned with Initiative vs Guilt.